LAYOUT / FORMATTING

If possible then professionally-submitted screenplays need to be written using screenwriting software. The industry standard is Final Draft, which you may want to consider as an investment in your future; if it's beyond your budget, there are viable alternatives that you can download for free from the internet eg Celtx, Highland. If possible don't write your script in Word. it won't look right, however well you mimic screenwriting layout; and it will make the writing process much harder. The more you use screenwriting software, the quicker you will develop and improve your use of all the necessary elements of screenwriting (scene headings / sluglines, action / directions, characters, parentheticals, dialogue, transition). All of these are the tools you need to write a screenplay and you need to learn how to use them. Your expertise with screenwriting software will come from two things.

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READING AND WRITING

Would you attempt to write a novel if you'd never read one. And yet I regularly receive scripts from writers who have clearly never read a screenplay. There is no substitute for endless reading and writing. You need to read the best screenplays to learn how the best storytelling works on the page (and even the less good screenplays are helpful to read). What you read will inspire and inform your writing, in terms of creativity but also, importantly, in helping you to think about how you present your story on the page. What to include in the action (what we more usually refer to as the directions but I think referring to it as action is a useful reminder that the best directions are dynamic); thinking about the balance between dialogue and action (what do the best scripts look like on the page?); and becoming more adept and confident with the minutiae of scriptwriting software (eg dual dialogue, transitions within scenes, transitions between scenes and how to describe these on the page there are decisions to be made, for instance about whether to include CUT TO at the end of every scene probably not necessary). It's a convention of screenwriting that you don't include camera moves, angles, shot sizes, etc in the writing. The more screenplays you read, the more confident you will be in writing your own, and the more you will think about what works and what doesn't work in the way you present your story on the page. Some scripts instantly look professional and reassuring in the way they are laid-out, in the balance between dialogue and action. Some instantly send the wrong signals, if there are page-long blocks of action or endless ten page two-handed dialogue scenes. The BBC Writersroom script library is an invaluable resource!

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PROOF-READING

This is a vital part of the creation of your script. The first draft you submit professionally should have been re-drafted and re-drafted until you are confident it's as good as it can be (without driving yourself mad). Proof-reading is always more than just proof-reading, it's about editing, honing and, above all, improving the script. If possible, it's always a good idea to print the pages out when you are proof-reading. Somehow your script will look different on the printed page and you will spot things you won't have spotted on your computer screen. (Some writers seem to think writing Draft 17 on their script will demonstrate an impressive thoroughness, whereas I think it is more often a hostage to fortune You've written 17 drafts and still haven't picked up on the 7 typos on page1!) If you are dyslexic or have real difficulties with spelling, grammar etc, I would strongly advise you to get someone else to do your proof-reading as well as you, but not instead of you; even if this is the case, proof-reading should be a vital part of your creative process. Apostrophes, their / there / they're, etc. You're a professional writer it's really not hard to get these things right a quick google or YouTube tutorial should put you right. There is the occasional error / typo in every single script that is fine and to be expected; but consistent and multiple typos and errors make your script harder to read; if you can't get this relatively easy part of the job right, it's unlikely that you'll get the (much more demanding) job of wrangling your story into its optimum dramatic shape right.

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GETTING THE STORY OUT OF YOUR HEAD AND ONTO THE PAGE

Despite what I said earlier, there is a role for a friendly reader of your script before you submit it professionally, someone to ask you questions about the clarity of the story that you may have become blind to, helping you to work out if you have confused the reader with lack of clarity or omitted what is actually vital visual information. So often what is in your head doesn't make it fully or clearly enough onto the page. And sometimes only a new reader's perspective will help you see / realise this. It's a tricky balance between over-burdening the reader with too much unnecessary and boring visual information (often about inanimate objects such as furniture) and omitting vital visual information (like which characters are present in the scene). Help the reader to visualise the world of your story in a way that feels vivid and cinematic. I have so many conversations with writers when I ask them to explain what they mean by a sentence in the action, what they are trying to convey. They then explain it to me lucidly and interestingly, and I say - why don't you write it just as you've explained it to me. Think about the audience / reader's point of view when re-reading and re-drafting your script.

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DESCRIBING CHARACTERS

You should introduce / describe characters when we first meet them in the script (not in a long list at the front of your script, that's for stage plays not screenplays.) These descriptions should be vivid and visual. They should help the reader visualise this character. They shouldn't give us backstory and psychological information that won't be accessible to the audience. Let the reader discover what there is to be discovered about characters at the same time as the audience.

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THINK VISUALLY

The reader of your screenplay should be able to play it as a film in their mind's eye. The reading experience should, as closely as possible, mimic the audience's experience. The script is the blueprint for the film - enable your reader to experience it as a film. With this in mind, I feel strongly that the action / directions should only contain filmable action / visual information. You shouldn't include unfilmable information, privileged information for the reader that isn't accessible to the audience e.g. Cindy, 33, long dark hair and, as we'll discover, a serial cat killer... Omit as we'll discover, a serial cat killer, you're not going to know this by looking at her (NB This is a contentious issue, and I know many writers / producers may find this a bit too hard-line, but I think this should be the writer's default approach; any exceptions to this should be exactly that - exceptions).

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CLARITY

Good screenwriting is not literary. The reader of your screenplay just wants to visualise how your script will play on screen; they aren't interested in the range of your vocabulary. Err on the side of simplicity, economy and clarity. In a screenplay, grass isn't verdant, it's green. You're not trying to win the Booker Prize.

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YOU THE WRITER

As a general principle, deliver your story on the page with clarity, flair and economy and DON'T explain or interpret the story on the page trust the reader to make their own interpretations of each character and situation. For instance, you never need to start a direction with. We see. This is self-evident and instantly gives the sentence a passive rather than dynamic energy. Avoid florid or humorous writerly asides and comments on the action. Occasionally these add to the fun and texture of the reading experience, but more often they place the writer between the reader and the story in a way that is jarring and unhelpful.

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FINALLY

One of the key aspects to writing your screenplay is thinking about making it dynamic. There should be movement, both actual and metaphorical, in the way you tell your story. Shifts in tone from scene to scene; both physical and psychological movement within scenes. Focus primarily on the characters rather than the furniture. The best scripts are easy to read. Your screenplay needs to have clarity, fluency, simplicity, economy and dynamism.